@article {217, title = {Cost Analysis of Combined Emergency and Outpatient Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {19-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to declare the cost of combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional questionnairebased study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, overhead cost for the place, and the equipment used for pharmaceutical services in the combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy, the cost of purchased materials and supplies, and non-salary cost. All costs used US dollar currency. The data were collected through the SurveyMonkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was nine directors of pharmacy. For more than six years, most pharmacy directors had experience in an emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administration. A total of 100{\textendash}199 occupational beds were present (33.33\%), followed by \<50 beds (22.22\%) and 400{\textendash}499 beds (22.22\%). The total daily cost of combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services was (2336.01) USD, whereas the daily cost of OPD pharmacy was (1424.97) USD. Therefore, the daily cost of emergency pharmacy services was (911.04) USD. The majority of the daily cost for combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services came from personal cost of (1526.68) USD (65.35\%) and overhead cost of (695.39) USD (29.77\%). The cost of preparation and dispensing at OPD pharmacy was (13.32) USD, which is the average cost per medication dispensed from OPD pharmacy. In comparison, the preparation and dispensing cost at the emergency pharmacy was 5.2 USD, the average cost per medication. Conclusion: This study explored the cost analysis of combined OPD and emergency pharmacy services. Therefore, we highly recommend reducing the daily cost of pharmacy services needed to implement new ambulatory care and emergency activities or Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Combined, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabi, Outpatient, Pharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.3}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Asma Saqer Alamri and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {216, title = {Cost Analysis of Individual Outpatient and Emergency Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of Individual outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis crosssectional and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey questionnaire with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected the demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contained questions for measuring the personal cost, including the salary cost of a head of ambulatory care or outpatient pharmacist, a clinical pharmacist working at ambulatory care, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and secretary and porter per hour. The cost was calculated for the preparation time of each medication. The total costs of the place{\textquoteright}s overhead cost and cost of equipment used for the outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Furthermore, the purchased materials and supplies and the non-salary cost were calculated. All costs were used in the US dollar currency. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was six directors of pharmacy. Five were responsible for outpatient pharmacy services, and one was responsible for emergency pharmacy. The majority of the outpatient and emergency pharmacy directors had work experience as pharmacy administrators for more than four years. The total cost of outpatient pharmacy services was 1581.95 USD, whereas the cost of emergency pharmacy services was 729.86 USD. The majority of the cost came from personnel cost from the outpatient pharmacy (1288.15 USD, 81.43\%) followed by emergency pharmacy (465.28 USD, 63.75\%) and material and supply cost (205 USD, 13.01\%) at the outpatient pharmacy and emergency pharmacy services (228.89 USD, 31.36\%). Conclusion: This study conducted the cost analysis of separate outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Standardized pharmacy administrative and clinical activities are required, and we recommend more additional studies with a large sample size in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Outpatient, Pharmacy, Separate}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {218, title = {Cost Analysis of Separate Location of Emergency and Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of separated locations of emergency and outpatient pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive, crosssectional, and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic languages. The first part collected demographic information of the respondents based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, the salary of outpatient supervisor, the clinical pharmacist working at outpatient, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, secretary and Porter per hour, in addition to the cost calculation preparation time of each medication, the total prices of the overhead cost for the place, and cost of all equipment used for the emergency services. Furthermore, the cost of purchased materials and supplies plus non-salary cost. Face and content validation had been done through an expert reviewer. In addition, a pilot study was conducted by sending the questionnaire to some hospitals to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the absence of incomprehensible or misleading questions. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was 14 directors of pharmacy. Most pharmacy directors experienced emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administrators six years and above. OPD pharmacy services{\textquoteright} total cost was (3509.64 USD) while the emergence pharmacy services were (1068.02 USD). The majority of the cost came from personal cost from OPD pharmacy 2542.63 USD (72.45\%) vs. emergency pharmacy 826.4 USD (77.36\%), and overhead cost 656.01 USD (18.69\%) at OPD pharmacy while 144.93 USD (13.57\%\%) emergency pharmacy. Conclusion: The cost analysis of nonintegrated outpatient pharmacies and emergency services was high. Therefore, we highly recommend implementing new clinical pharmacy activities or switching to the Saudi managed care pharmacy model in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pharmacy, Separated}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.5}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {186, title = {Analysis of Gabapentinoids Abuse-Reports in the Middle East and North Africa Region Utilizing the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {05-08}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {05}, abstract = {

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify abuse-related post-marketing reports associated with gabapentinoids use in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region countries. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of abuse-related adverse drug event (ADE) reports from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It was performed using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from January 2008 through June 2020. Abuserelated ADE reports for gabapentin and pregabalin were extracted from the FAERS database. Descriptive statistics were performed, and the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was calculated to detect disproportional attribution of abuse-related ADEs for gabapentin versus pregabalin. Results: We identified 559 all-cause ADE reports for gabapentinoids, including 205 (36.7\%) abuse-related ADE reports reported to FAERS in the period of analysis. FAERS included 139 (67.8\%) pregabalin and 66 (32.2\%) gabapentin abuse-related ADE reports. Among MENA region countries, Turkey (55, 39.6\%) and Saudi Arabia (34, 23.7\%) had the highest number of abuse-related ADE reports for pregabalin. The most pregabalin abuse-related ADE reports involved adult male patients. The PRR of pregabalin versus gabapentin abuse-related ADE reports was 1.11, indicating that the number of abuse-related events was higher for pregabalin compared to gabapentin. Conclusion: Over 200 cases of abuserelated gabapentinoids events were reported to FEARS from the MENA region in the study period. Further studies should assess risk factors and potential programs to reduce gabapentinoids abuse.

}, keywords = {Abuse, Adverse drug events, FAERS, Gabapentin, MENA, Pregabalin}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Ali Mofleh Alshahrani and Reem Dhayan Almutairi and Hana Abdulmohsen Althobaiti and Ahmed Ibrahim Fathelrahman and Enrique Seoane-Vazquez and Moudi Mubarak Alasmari} }