@article {241, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {34-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the medication error in prescribing antibiotics in primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of antibiotics prescribing errors of randomly selected twenty-five primary health care centers in Riyadh city. One month{\textquoteright}s prescription had been reviewed. The expert pharmacist revised the prescription and documented the errors. The medication error form of MOH had been used to document the errors. Results: During the study period, 18,031 prescriptions were recorded in all the included study settings. Of the total prescriptions, 3,879 (21.51\%) contained antibiotics and were included in the current study. Of the total prescriptions, 1388 (35.78\%) prescriptions detected medication errors were analyzed in the current study. The most errors detected in the prescription were height not written 1388 (100\%), followed by diagnosis not found 535 (38.54\%), and body weight not written 492 (35.45\%). The antibiotics errors occurred with pediatrics and adolescents \< or = 20 years 673 (50.08\%) and adults \> 20 years with 671(49.92\%) with statically significant differences between all medication error types within pediatrics and adults (p=0.000). The errors identified mainly were related to inappropriate drug selection that occurred in 748 (53.9\%) of the prescriptions, followed by low therapeutic dose 277 (20.0\%) and dose frequency 175 (12.6\%), with statistically significant differences between all types (p=0.000). The most Medications with errors were Amoxicillin 576 (41.5\%), Amoxicillin/clavulanate 277 (28.1\%), Fucidic Acid 123 (8.9\%), and Azithromycin 116 (8.4\%). Conclusion: One-third of primary healthcare centers prescriptions contained antibiotics and had at least one error. The most errors related to demographic information and most prescribed antibiotics at primary healthcare centers. Targeting electronic prescribing systems and implementing stewardship antimicrobial programs at primary healthcare centers are highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Medication error, Prescribing, Primary health care center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.6}, author = {Zainab Ibrahim Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Nawaf Marzog Alotibi and Faisal Mushabab Alqhtani and Ibtisam Nasser Altamimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {235, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare pharmacy staff knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics at primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to fifty-six pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) from randomly selected twentyfive primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included demographic information and 14 closed-ended questions about the rational usage of antibiotics. Results: All the fiftysix pharmacy staff responded to the survey with a response rate of 100\%. The responders consisted of having a Diploma in pharmacy (28 (50\%)), a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s in pharmacy (27 (48.2\%)), and one (1.8\%) postgraduated pharmacist. Most pharmacy technicians were female, 18 (32.1\%) vs. 10 (17.9\%) male, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.131), while the pharmacists were female 22 (39.3\%) vs. male 5 (8.9\%) with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.001). There is insufficient knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacy technicians and pharmacists respondents. All pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in the study knew that antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial infections. However, many pharmacy technician and pharmacist participants did not know that antibiotics are ineffective for viral and fungal infections (25\% and 14.3\% for pharmacy technicians, respectively) vs. (16.1, and 17.9\% for pharmacists, respectively). There was no difference in the mean knowledge of antibiotic prescription among respondents, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Furthermore, the respondents had no statistically different knowledge regarding age, gender, and working experience (p\>0.05). However, the age factor might play a significant role in antibiotics knowledge for pharmacy technicians only. Conclusion: The primary health care centers Pharmacy staff (pharmacy technicians and pharmacists){\textquoteright} knowledge of antibiotics rational usages was insufficient. Targeting training and educating about antibiotics generally emphasize antimicrobial resistance risks are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.1}, author = {Zainab Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Tarfah Sultan Binjerais and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {116, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Objective: Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group (HMG) of Hospitals is one of the largest private chains of hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At HMG, the clinical pharmacy services were started in 2015 which provides services to the acute and chronic cases of neonates, pediatrics and adults. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and economic outcomes of providing clinical pharmacy services at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a 6-month cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2016 at the critical care unit of HMG involving adult patients. The critical care unit has 30 beds dedicated to the treatment of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity patients. The clinical pharmacist monitors all patients through daily medical rounds and documents any intervention that needs to be provided to the patient. The pharmacist intervention system utilized an international study model, a measure of the level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation and patient outcome. Results: A total number of 1222 pharmacist interventions were provided to 1124 adult patients. The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially significant (610 (49.9\%)) followed by potentially serious (360 (29.5\%)) and neutral (249 (20.4\%)) cases. Anti-infective medications (185 (25.9\%)) were the most category of intervention provided followed by cardiovascular medications (96 (13.5\%)) and gastro-intestinal medications (73 (10.2\%)). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was others (203 (28.7\%)), inappropriate dose (122 (17.3\%)) and therapeutic duplication ((99 (14\%)). Most of the patient outcomes were unknown (539 (44.1\%)) followed by patient condition improved (408 (33.4\%)) and therapeutic endpoint reached (133 (10.9\%)). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services at critical care units of a private hospital is a significant and essential component for patients care. The clinical pharmacist prevents the occurrence of drug-related problems in addition to saving additional economic burden on the healthcare system at HMG in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Mohammed Kamran and Tasneen Shaweesh and Soha Alhaj} } @article {151, title = {Cost-efficiency of Clinical Pharmacy Services at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S20-S22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S20}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to estimate cost-efficiency of clinical pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia by using American model. Methods: This is a simulation study which includes data of all 5 months of providing clinical pharmacy services for adults organized by local drug information center at biggest public hospital in Riyadh city. Ten clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists provided clinical pharmacy services at the hospital including drug information services, poisoning control services, therapeutic drug monitoring services, orthopedic services, oncology services, Pharmacoeconomical services and pain management services. All pharmacists should document the clinical pharmacy activities on a monthly basis. The estimated cost avoidance was calculated by using two International Studies Models, expressed in US dollars (USDs). The cost considered were the expected results of drug-related inquiries, poisoning information calls if not resolved and pharmacist intervention for all other clinical pharmacy services. Results: The total average estimated monthly cost avoidance from all clinical services (17,554,931.46 USD) with cumulative cost avoidance was 65,830,992.97 USD during the study period. The estimated total cost avoidance annually was 210,659,177.52 USD. The highest cost avoidance came from poisoning services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 61.8\% (9,110,026.40 USD) followed by drug information services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 26.8\% (4,711,273.50 USD) and other clinical pharmacy services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 11.4\% (2,006,444.63 USD). Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist estimated cost avoidance was an average of 28.76 USD. Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provides poisoning control services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 17.77 USD and each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provide drug information services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 7.7 USD. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services had a very high economic impact on the healthcare system in the local public hospital. In the future, we are targeting to expand the clinical pharmacy services to prevent drug-related cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Cost-efficiency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.33}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {147, title = {Cost-Efficiency of Medication Safety Program at Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S4-S8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S4}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program started at Riyadh city of Ministry of Health in 2014. Identifying, resolving and preventing drug therapy problems are the unique contributions of the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The research aimed to estimate cost-efficiency of Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using American model of pharmacist intervention cost avoidance. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 9-month recruitment period was conducted in a 300-bed public hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The predictable cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in USD, the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from physician visit, additional laboratory test, further treatment, hospital admission and critical care admission to death stage. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 3,378 at 805 prescribed to 805 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication errors was (98,195.97 USD) for the study period and (10,910 USD) per month. The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drugrelated problem (29 USD) per each mistake and (122 USD) per prescription and patient. The most type inquiries estimated cost avoidance was prescribing stage 86,939.05 USD (99.86\%), followed by drugrelated errors 7,061.26 USD (7.2\%) and dosage form-related errors 6,084.98 USD (6.2\%). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition (4,717.99 USD), while the largest drug of cost avoidance was Paracetamol Injection (5,812.17 USD), followed by oral Ferrous Sulfate (3,562.79 USD) and Ceftriaxone 1g (2,861.70 USD). Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency simulation at the public hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication disasters, improve patient safety. Increasing drug safety program associated with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance simulation for Healthcare development and better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost-efficiency, Hospital, Medication, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.29}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {152, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S23-S34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S23}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to explore the economic outcomes of the clinical pharmacist at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia in a 6 month study and prevent additional medication costs. Methods: It was a 6-months cross-sectional study from January to June 2016 in adults critical care unit. It was a thirty-bed critical care bed consisting of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity critical care cases. The pharmacist monitored all patients through daily medical round and documents any pharmacist intervention. The pharmacist intervention system used an international study model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome and pharmacoeconomic impact related estimated cost avoidance. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were (1,222) provided to (1,124) patients. The complete cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention over the study period was (220,882.10 UD) while over one year was (441,764.2 USD). The highest cost avoidance of critical care interventions was from potentially significant 51.00\% (102,581.78 USD) and potentially serious 32.28\% (99,162.29 USD). The majority of cost avoidance came from anti-infective agents (73,408.95 USD) followed by nutrition and blood agents (61,182.97 USD) and cardiovascular medications (27,584.52 USD). The most rational clinical activities cost avoidance was from others type (102,168.44 USD) followed by inappropriate dose (30,504.16 USD) and TPN consultations (25,313.99 USD). The most patient outcome related to cost avoidance was patient condition improved (120,036.38 USD) followed by unknown outcomes (47,067.85 USD) and laboratory values improved (21,661.55 USD). The most pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was a reduction in the cost drug therapy 79.94\% (163,747.96 USD) and the patient length of hospital stay decreased 1.15\% (32,846.49 USD). Conclusion: The critical care clinical pharmacist prevent the additional cost of drugrelated problems occurrences and economic burden on the healthcare system at a private hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Expanding clinical pharmacist at critical care services is highly recommended to all private hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Critical care services, Economic outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Alaa Elemam and Tasneem Shaweesh and Edmarie Janine Antonio} } @article {122, title = {Inpatient Medication Errors and Pharmacist Intervention at Ministry of Health Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the inpatient medication errors and pharmacist intervention at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 9-month cross-sectional study conducted at a 300-bed public hospital to evaluate pharmacist response and prevention of inpatient medication errors in adult and pediatric patients. There is a medication safety officer in the hospital along with a medication safety committee. The following information on medication errors were documented in the form available at the hospital: patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information, sources of medication errors, time of errors, type of errors, description of errors, causes of errors, recommendation to prevent such errors and the outcome of errors. The form was developed by using the National Coordinating Council (NCC) for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) system. Results: According to the results, the pharmacist prevented a total of 3089 medication errors within 805 patients. About 3.8 errors per prescription were prevented. Most of the prevention occurred during prescribing stage (705 (99.2\%)). Patient-related errors (1564 (50.63\%)) and prescriber-related errors (1435 (46.46\%)) were the most type of prevented errors. Allergy was the most prevented subtype of errors (560 (91.4\%)) followed by patient{\textquoteright}s body weight (543 (88.6\%)) and prescriber data missing/unclear (347 (56.6\%)). Most of the errors that were prevented were near miss (93.3\%) followed by 6.3\% of the errors that reached the patient but did not cause any harm. The highest percentage with respect to the causes of medication errors was missing clinical information (649 (83.7\%)) and miscommunication of drug order (627 (80.9\%)). The top 20 medications involved in medication errors were oral and intravenous injections (Paracetamol and enoxaparin injection, respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacist plays a very crucial role in preventing medication errors. In order to prevent medication errors and improve patient outcome, the pharmacist provides education to the healthcare professional about medication safety and establishes the intravenous medication guidelines.

}, keywords = {Inpatient, Intervention, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nesreen Alshabaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {118, title = {National Medication Errors Reporting System at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {4-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the medications errors as part of the pharmaceutical care plan at the Ministry of Health of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of medications error documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020 used in the study. The analysis used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The medications error documentation system founded with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Medications errors documentation system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The medications error documentation system is regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {119, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Environmental Culture and Staff Competency at Primary Healthcare Centers/ Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national survey of medication safety practices with an emphasis on environmental factors and staff competencies at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh city. Method: This is a 4-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at pharmacies of PHCs of Ministry of Health and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/ Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with questions on environmental factors, staff competency and education. The authors distributed the questionnaire and followed-up on a daily basis by physically visiting or via telephonic call. The survey was prepared in an electronic format and it was analyzed through the Survey Monkey system and Microsoft Excel version 10. Result: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average score of all the ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75 {\textpm} 0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14 {\textpm} 0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of environmental factors, workflow and staffing domain at PHCs was 2.7 {\textpm} 0.45 (54\%) (95\% CI = 2.53{\textendash}2.87; P\<0.05; range = 1.55{\textendash}3.68), whereas in CPs, the average score was 3.58 {\textpm} 0.43 (71.6\%) (95\% CI = 3.44{\textendash}3.717; P\<0.05; range = 2.63{\textendash}4.37). The average score of staff competency and education at PHCs was 3.02 {\textpm} 0.298 (60.4\%) (95\% CI = 2.9{\textendash}3.2; P\<0.05; range = 2.64{\textendash}3.55), whereas in the CPs, the average score was 4.15 {\textpm} 0.20 (83\%) (95\% CI = 4.03{\textendash}4.27; P\<0.05; range = 3.78{\textendash}4.53). Conclusion: The PHCs implemented only half of the environmental factors, workflow and staff competency domains preventive measures for medication safety and lower than CPs. Targeting of improving environmental culture and staff competency for medication safety at PHCs is highly recommended in KSA.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Environmental culture, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Staff competency}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas} } @article {120, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Medication Administration at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {28-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice with emphasis on medication administration at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on medication administration; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% CI=2.55{\textendash} 2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug standardization, storage and distribution domain at PHCs was 2.35{\textpm}0.41 (47\%) (95\% CI=2.17{\textendash}2.53; P\<0.05; range=1.33{\textendash}3.09) and in CPs, it was 3.4{\textpm}0.54 (68\%) (95\% CI =3.16{\textendash}3.54; P\<0.05; range=2.22{\textendash}4.25). The average score of medication devices acquisition, use and monitoring domain at PHCs was 3.62{\textpm}0.14 (72.4\%) (95\% CI=3.26{\textendash}3.978; P\<0.05; range=3.45{\textendash}3.70) and in CPs, it was 2.78{\textpm}0.23 (55.6\%) (95\% CI=2.21{\textendash}3.349; P\<0.05; range=2.63-3.05). Conclusion: The medication administration safety was inadequate at PHCs while acceptable at CPs. Targeting to drug standardization, storage and distribution with emphasis on medication devices use and monitoring are highly recommended at PHCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Community Pharmacy, Medication, Primary care centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {121, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Education, Quality Process and Risk Management at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {36-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice such as patient education, quality process and risk management at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on patient education, quality process and risk management; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI)=2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of patient education at PHCs was 3.04{\textpm}0.365 (60.8\%) (95\% CI=2.89{\textendash}3.19; P\<0.05; range=2.00{\textendash}3.73) and at CPs, it was 3.73{\textpm}0.29 (74.6\%) (95\% CI=3.61{\textendash}3.85; P\<0.05; range=3.11{\textendash}4.22). The average score of quality processes and risk management at PHCs was 2.76{\textpm}0.35 (55.2 \%) (95\% CI=2.64{\textendash}2.88; P\<0.05; range=2.09{\textendash}3.50) and at CPs, it was 3.20 {\textpm}0.38 (64\%) (95\% CI=3.07{\textendash}3.33; P\<0.05; range=2.47{\textendash}3.89). Conclusion: The implementation of patient education and quality processes and risk management at PHCs and CPs were inadequate. Targeting to improve all meditations safety assessment tools at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Education, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Quality, Risk Management, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {109, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Drug Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore regarding drug information at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey conducted at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of medication delivery devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at PHCs of Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the second domain, that is, drug information at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% Confidence Interval (CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug information domain at PHCs was 2.04{\textpm}0.34 (40.8\%) (95\% CI = 1.89{\textendash}2.19; P\<0.05; range = 1.50{\textendash}2.73), whereas that at the CPs was 2.35{\textpm}0.5 (47\%) (95\% CI = 2.13{\textendash}2.57; P\<0.05; range = 1.61{\textendash}3.43). Conclusion: The PHCs and CPs need to improve the key aspects of drug information related to the safety documentation and reporting system for medications. We recommend that the PHCs and CPs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) should regularly conduct awareness programs on medication safety. We also recommend conducting an annual follow-up assessment of all the critical elements of drug information related to the medication safety system at PHCs and CPs.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Drug Information, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} } @article {110, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s information regarding national medication safety Practice At Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey conducted on medication safety practice at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at the PHCs of the Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the first domain, that is, patient information in PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average {\textpm} SD score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}.88). The average {\textpm} SD score of patient information at PHCs was 2.80{\textpm}0.467 (56 \%) (95\% CI = 2.54{\textendash}3.58; P\<0.05; range = 2.08{\textendash}3.45), whereas that of the CPs was 2.60{\textpm}0.667 (52 \%) (95\% CI = 2.23{\textendash}2.97; P\<0.05; range = 1.36{\textendash}3.96). Conclusion: The PHCs and PCs implemented almost half the of ISMP medication safety critical elements including the patient information related issue. Targeting to improve medication safety system at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Information, Medication, Patient, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} }