@article {236, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Knowledge in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {11-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and general information about charity pharmacy practice, pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services, and voluntary or charitable pharmacy practice resources. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Onehalf of the responders knew about pharmacy volunteering activities 230 (57.09\%). Most pharmacists did not participate in the volunteering activities because they did not have time for it 197 (41.21\%), they did not need it 141 (29.50\%), and they did not take any educational or training 120 (25.10\%), or volunteering activities is difficult to understand 105 (21.97\%). Less than one-half of responders only know where to go if they want to participate in Charity Pharmacy at their work 243 (42.26\%) or participate in Charity Pharmacy outside their work 259 (44.97\%). The average score of level knowledge of the pharmacy volunteer was (3.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}Vision and mission of Charity Pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The average score of the level information of the resources about charity pharmacies was (3.52). The resources of the {\textquotedblleft}Governmental sector{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.71), followed by {\textquotedblleft}General medical or health society{\textquotedblright} (3.59). Conclusion: The average knowledge of pharmacy professionals of charitable pharmaceuticals care services was insufficient. Therefore, targeting awareness and training programs about charitable pharmacy services is highly suggested to improve learning and participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Knowledge, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {242, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacist practice of the voluntary or charitable pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Pharmacy charity general practice, the practice of voluntary or charitable in various sectors. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, had been done with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-third responded from the Central region (180 (31.14\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western region (140 (24.22\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (373 (64.53\%)) versus 205 (35.47\%)), with statistically significant differences among gender (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 35-44 years (155 (26.82\%)), age group 25-34 years (144 (24.91\%)), age group 45-54 years (126 (21.80\%)), and with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Less than one-half of the responders, Always, 251 (43.65\%), or sometimes 130 (22.61\%), participated as pharmacy volunteers before, with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Most pharmacists participate in pharmacy volunteer More than once a week, 260 (45.45\%), or 129 (22.55\%) a few times a year. Most of the responders participated in pharmacy charity for getting paradise 338 (59.61\%), Improved their CV 283 (49.91\%), and met their attractive 232 (49.91\%). The majority of pharmacists prefer to participate as pharmacy volunteers during Disaster period 400 (70.03\%), Ramadan time 368 (64.11\%), regular days 363 (63.24\%), and Hajj period 322 (56.10\%). Conclusion: The charitable pharmacy practice by pharmacy practitioners was inadequate. The majority of pharmacy providers spend little time annually practicing charitable pharmacy activities and prefer to participate during disasters, the holy month of Ramadan, and the Hajj period. Therefore, awareness of charitable pharmacy practice is essential to improve pharmacy participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Charity, Pharmacist, Pharmacy Practice, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {230, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {113-122}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Objectives: Researching the perceptions of standardized licensure examinations in the pharmaceutical sector is vital to measure key pharmacy competence and skills assessment of entry-level pharmacists. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to explore the perceptions of the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in improving pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by focusing on the experiences and attitudes pharmacy workers had regarding SPLE pharmacy standards and factors associated with passing the exam. Results: The data for this study was collected through a survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. The study found low scores (M=2.77, p=.001) in the perceptions of SPLE in assessing entry-level pharmacists-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge that increase graduates{\textquoteright} readiness for pharmacy practice. Location, gender, marital status, age, experience years, income, GPA results, and the number of SPLE admissions affected SPLE perception and passing rates. Conclusion: The pharmacist believed that the current Saudi Pharmacy Licensure Examination (SPLE) is required. However, the recent licensure examination does not adequately measure the general pharmacy practice competencies and skills relevant to entry-level pharmacist practice. Furthermore, it was not adequately prepared for clinical pharmacy practice competencies or internal pharmacy board exams. Therefore, it is necessitating targeted keep to dates changes of pharmacy practice in its format to introduce competency standards that measure entry-level skills efficiency continuously.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Fatma Faiz Alasmari and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {215, title = {The Practice of Scientific Publications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {26-36}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and information about the type of publications made by them, the selected elements used during scientific publications, and the social media platforms where they distribute your publication. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel software (version 16). Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter were from the central region (5 (28.55\%)) followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.000). Females responded (321 (59.12\%)) more than males (222 (40.88\%)). Based on nationality, Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)) responded more than non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for type of journal for scientific publications was 3.99 with high scores obtained {\textquotedblleft}article in the international scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.26) and {\textquotedblleft}article in the local scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.22), with statistically significant difference between responses (p=0.000). The average score of pharmacist practice of unique elements during scientific publications was 3.81, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}are your colleague{\textquoteright}s reviewers{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}spelling and grammar checker through special software{\textquotedblright} (3.95). The average score for the {\textquotedblleft}type of social media platforms to distribute your scientific publications{\textquotedblright} was 3.33, with high scores obtained for WhatsApp (3.73) and YouTube (3.56). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.939, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was 0.935, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.942, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.976, and greater lower bound was 0.990. Conclusion: The practice of scientific publication by pharmacists was found to be fair in Saudi Arabia. An annual report about pharmacists involved in the scientific publication is suggested. We recommend improving the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Pharmacist, Practice, Publications, Saudi Arabia, Scientific}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {232, title = {Preparations for Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {129-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: The preparation tools and resources used for licensure examinations in the pharmacy practice are crucial to entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s skills for licensures exam. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at demonstrating the preparation methodology for passing the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on the preparation tools, resources, and barriers of pharmacy workers. Methods: The data for this study was collected through a self-electronic survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. Results: The study found medium scores (M=3.31, p=.000) in the preparation tools to SPLE with highly used Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in pharmacy practice and review of healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} law. In contrast, Non-pharmacy board license exams stimulating undergraduate examinations, Anxiety about the test, and Lack of preparation were the most significant barriers preventing the entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s licensure examinations. In addition, gender and material status affected SPLE preparation tools, resources, and obstacles to perceptions. Conclusion: The analysis concluded that the current licensure examination (SPLE) preparation tool was self-preparations and used resources. There are no standardized entry-level licensure examination tools or resources, necessitating targeted changes in undergraduate schools to introduce preparation tools that measure entry-level pass Pharmacist Licensure Exam very efficiently.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman~ Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {184, title = {Infection Control Pharmacist: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {40-43}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the Infection control pharmacist as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national and international Infection control regulations and guidelines. The projects are formulated from the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines and professional project management elements. The initial project followed the project management professionals, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The vision, mission and goals of the Infection control pharmacist are explored. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical, on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuous of the project revised by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Infection control pharmacist is a new initiative and part of the clinical pharmacy specialties and pharmacy infection control services. The Infection control pharmacist meet the demand of pharmacy infection control, prevent infection control related problems and contribute during epidemic or pandemic and medical disaster; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Infection control, Initiative, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Mohammed Alyousef} } @article {211, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Scientific Publications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {115-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, we analyzed pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge of selected research paper elements in a scientific journal. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter of the participants responded from the central region (155 (28.55\%)), followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). Females responded more (321 (59.12\%)) than that of males (222 (40.88\%)). The majority of the responders were Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)), followed by non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about writing a section in the research article was 4.07, with high scores obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the abstract section{\textquotedblright} (4.51) and {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the Introduction section{\textquotedblright} (4.47), with statistically significant between all responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about various study designs in the manuscript was 3.36, with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of cohort study (3.59), case series (3.59), observational study, and Letters to the editor (3.49), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about journal indexing database was (3.17), with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of the Google Scholar (3.78), PubMed (3.60), and Index Medicus (3.43). The scores for the reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was (0.843), Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was (0.847), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was (0.888), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s was λ6 (0.985), and Greater Lower Bound was (0.994). Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about writing research sections, study design, and journal indexing database for scientific publications in Saudi Arabia was varied. Therefore, we highly recommend improving pharmacists{\textquoteright} training and education during graduation to improve patients{\textquoteright} pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Scientific Publications}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {160, title = {Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administrated survey on documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with 18 questions. The second part included policy and procedure, type of data through pharmacist intervention, reporting workload of pharmacist intervention documentation. All types of pharmacist professionals were included in this survey. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through the social media (WhatsApp) and other social media to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the survey. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non- Saudi professionals. The majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained Bachelor of Pharmacy (40 (31.25\%)) and Doctor of Pharmacy degree (33 (25.78\%)) and the majority of the pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) were not accredited by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. The average score of the administration element of pharmacist intervention documentation was 3.68 (73.66\%). Policies and procedures of pharmacist intervention documentation obtained the highest score (4.13 (82.6\%)) followed by the quality management (3.78 (75.60\%)) and education with training (3.76 (75.20\%)). Adverse drug reactions (92.86\%) and medication errors (91.19\%) were most of the recorded type of documentation and poisoning information inquiries (65.62\%) and medication reconciliation (80.31\%) were the least type of documentation, with an average 54.66\% documented electronically. Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention documentation was found to be acceptable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The half of pharmacist intervention documentations was an electronic only. In the future, we recommend to improve the system and correct barriers related issues. This will enhance the process of documentation and explore the impact and role of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {166, title = {Pharmacist Privilege in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacist Prescribing and Therapeutic Interchange}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objectives: To survey the pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of pharmacists privilege in Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises 28 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the previous literature and from the standards and regulations described by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The domains were privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege, drug monitoring and healthcare education. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of various hospitals, deputy director, pharmacy quality management, clinical pharmacy coordinators, or any pharmacist assigned on behalf of hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy. The study discussed and analyzed pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The pharmacist privilege of prescribing was available only at 12 (32.14\%) hospitals. over-the-counter (OTC) medications (19 (90.48\%)) and vitamins (14 (66.67\%)) were most of the medications with pharmacist privilege of prescribing followed by minerals (11 (52.38\%)) and electrolytes (10 (47.62\%)), whereas NSAIDs (23 (63.89\%)), Vitamins (19 (52.78\%)), electrolytes (17 (47.22\%)) and antihistamine (15 (41.67\%)) were through therapeutic interchange program. Most of the pharmacists prescribing medication was through ambulatory care clinic (19 (52.78\%)) and when prescription was cosigned by the physician (19 (52.78\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s computerized physician order entry (CPOE) was 3.17 (63.46\%), whereas the average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s CPOE alerting system was 2.97 (59.46\%). Conclusion: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pharmacist privilege in prescribing medications is very low. Most of the medications prescribed by the pharmacist were OTC drugs. Thepharmacist privilege in the Computerized Physician Order Entry is not adequate. We highly recommend the implementation of a comprehensive pharmacist privilege system and regulations ed in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Interchange, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Privilege, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.9}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {158, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the pharmacy administration and management in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding the privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the pharmacy administration and management. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The administration-related elements of pharmacist privilege with maximum score were policies and procedures of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege (3.88 (77.6\%)) followed by the vision of pharmacist privilege (3.57 (71.4\%)) and pharmacist privilege in the job description (3.56 (71.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital committees was 3.47 (69.40\%). Most of the committees having pharmacist privilege was the patient or medication safety committee (4.09 (81.8\%)) followed by the pharmacy and therapeutic committee (4.06 (81.2\%)) and quality management committee (4.06 (81.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the teams was 3.44 (68.85\%). The majority of the teams having pharmacist privilege was antibiotics team (4.25 (85\%)) followed by anticoagulation team (3.86 (77.2\%)) and IV therapy team (3.81 (76.2\%)). Conclusion: The privileges of a pharmacists is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Future programs should target to improve the healthcare system and expand pharmacists{\textquoteright} role in the hospital practice. This might improve the pharmaceutical care services and patient outcomes and prevent drug-related problems and unnecessary economic expenditure on the healthcare practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Management, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.2}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {159, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Clinical and Administrative Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {13-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the clinical and administrative activities in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding clinical and administrative privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the clinical and administrative activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital pharmacy practice program was 3.16 (63.13\%). Most of the pharmacy practice programs having pharmacist privilege were nonformulary requests (3.69 (73.8\%)), patient counseling (3.60 (72\%)) and medication errors preventing and monitoring (3.58 (71.6\%)). The average score of clinical privilege for a pharmacist was 2.95 (58.97\%). The maximum score of clinical privileges for a pharmacist were to answer questions from all healthcare professionals (3.83 (76.6\%)), to decrease drug dosing (3.47 (69.4\%)) and to change drug strength (3.4 (68\%)). The average score of pharmacist administration privilege was 3.14 (62.75\%). The administration privileges for pharmacists were to conduct educational courses (3.81 (76.2\%)) followed by to setup vision and mission (3.71 (74.20\%)) and to conduct training programs (3.64 (72.80\%)). Conclusion: The clinical and administrative privileges of a pharmacist is not well established in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of the clinical and administrative privileges were regular and primary duties. Therefore, it is important to update the policies and procedures of clinical and administrative privileges given to a pharmacist with more engagement in the pharmacy practice. These practices are highly recommended in order to improve pharmaceutical care implementation at hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Administrative, Clinical, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.3}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {138, title = {Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {113-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job.

}, keywords = {Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi} } @article {116, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Objective: Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group (HMG) of Hospitals is one of the largest private chains of hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At HMG, the clinical pharmacy services were started in 2015 which provides services to the acute and chronic cases of neonates, pediatrics and adults. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and economic outcomes of providing clinical pharmacy services at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a 6-month cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2016 at the critical care unit of HMG involving adult patients. The critical care unit has 30 beds dedicated to the treatment of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity patients. The clinical pharmacist monitors all patients through daily medical rounds and documents any intervention that needs to be provided to the patient. The pharmacist intervention system utilized an international study model, a measure of the level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation and patient outcome. Results: A total number of 1222 pharmacist interventions were provided to 1124 adult patients. The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially significant (610 (49.9\%)) followed by potentially serious (360 (29.5\%)) and neutral (249 (20.4\%)) cases. Anti-infective medications (185 (25.9\%)) were the most category of intervention provided followed by cardiovascular medications (96 (13.5\%)) and gastro-intestinal medications (73 (10.2\%)). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was others (203 (28.7\%)), inappropriate dose (122 (17.3\%)) and therapeutic duplication ((99 (14\%)). Most of the patient outcomes were unknown (539 (44.1\%)) followed by patient condition improved (408 (33.4\%)) and therapeutic endpoint reached (133 (10.9\%)). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services at critical care units of a private hospital is a significant and essential component for patients care. The clinical pharmacist prevents the occurrence of drug-related problems in addition to saving additional economic burden on the healthcare system at HMG in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Mohammed Kamran and Tasneen Shaweesh and Soha Alhaj} } @article {152, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S23-S34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S23}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to explore the economic outcomes of the clinical pharmacist at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia in a 6 month study and prevent additional medication costs. Methods: It was a 6-months cross-sectional study from January to June 2016 in adults critical care unit. It was a thirty-bed critical care bed consisting of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity critical care cases. The pharmacist monitored all patients through daily medical round and documents any pharmacist intervention. The pharmacist intervention system used an international study model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome and pharmacoeconomic impact related estimated cost avoidance. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were (1,222) provided to (1,124) patients. The complete cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention over the study period was (220,882.10 UD) while over one year was (441,764.2 USD). The highest cost avoidance of critical care interventions was from potentially significant 51.00\% (102,581.78 USD) and potentially serious 32.28\% (99,162.29 USD). The majority of cost avoidance came from anti-infective agents (73,408.95 USD) followed by nutrition and blood agents (61,182.97 USD) and cardiovascular medications (27,584.52 USD). The most rational clinical activities cost avoidance was from others type (102,168.44 USD) followed by inappropriate dose (30,504.16 USD) and TPN consultations (25,313.99 USD). The most patient outcome related to cost avoidance was patient condition improved (120,036.38 USD) followed by unknown outcomes (47,067.85 USD) and laboratory values improved (21,661.55 USD). The most pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was a reduction in the cost drug therapy 79.94\% (163,747.96 USD) and the patient length of hospital stay decreased 1.15\% (32,846.49 USD). Conclusion: The critical care clinical pharmacist prevent the additional cost of drugrelated problems occurrences and economic burden on the healthcare system at a private hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Expanding clinical pharmacist at critical care services is highly recommended to all private hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Critical care services, Economic outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Alaa Elemam and Tasneem Shaweesh and Edmarie Janine Antonio} } @article {153, title = {Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Prescribing Total Parenteral Nutrition at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S35-S39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S35}, abstract = {

Objectives: In 2013, The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care started the National Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Program in Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist can provide neonates{\textquoteright} TPN services. In this study, we aimed to estimate the economic outcomes and cost avoidance in relation to pharmacist prescribing TPN. Methods: A total of 20 hospitals provide TPN services for neonates, pediatrics and adult patients. Cost avoidance stimulation in relation to the pharmacist prescribing and running neonates, pediatrics TPN services and replacement physician of a pharmacist as prescriber with adults TPN services. All costs were calculated by using US dollar currency. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted for a list of discount prices and variety of wage cost with 10{\textendash}20\%. Results: The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist by providing TPN services for 20 hospitals for all types of patients was (1,569,865.40 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (1,412,878.86-1,255,892.32 USD). Of those, the total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for neonates was (562,027.40 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (505,824.66- 449,621.92 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for adults was (523,337.00 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (471,003.30- 418,669.60 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for pediatrics was (484,501.00 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (436,050.90- 387,600.80 USD). Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing TPN prevents high economic burden on the healthcare system at Ministry of Health. Expanding the role of a pharmacist in the nutrition support services with an emphasis on prescribing TPN services is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost avoidance, Economic, Ministry of Health, Outcomes, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.35}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {122, title = {Inpatient Medication Errors and Pharmacist Intervention at Ministry of Health Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the inpatient medication errors and pharmacist intervention at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 9-month cross-sectional study conducted at a 300-bed public hospital to evaluate pharmacist response and prevention of inpatient medication errors in adult and pediatric patients. There is a medication safety officer in the hospital along with a medication safety committee. The following information on medication errors were documented in the form available at the hospital: patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information, sources of medication errors, time of errors, type of errors, description of errors, causes of errors, recommendation to prevent such errors and the outcome of errors. The form was developed by using the National Coordinating Council (NCC) for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) system. Results: According to the results, the pharmacist prevented a total of 3089 medication errors within 805 patients. About 3.8 errors per prescription were prevented. Most of the prevention occurred during prescribing stage (705 (99.2\%)). Patient-related errors (1564 (50.63\%)) and prescriber-related errors (1435 (46.46\%)) were the most type of prevented errors. Allergy was the most prevented subtype of errors (560 (91.4\%)) followed by patient{\textquoteright}s body weight (543 (88.6\%)) and prescriber data missing/unclear (347 (56.6\%)). Most of the errors that were prevented were near miss (93.3\%) followed by 6.3\% of the errors that reached the patient but did not cause any harm. The highest percentage with respect to the causes of medication errors was missing clinical information (649 (83.7\%)) and miscommunication of drug order (627 (80.9\%)). The top 20 medications involved in medication errors were oral and intravenous injections (Paracetamol and enoxaparin injection, respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacist plays a very crucial role in preventing medication errors. In order to prevent medication errors and improve patient outcome, the pharmacist provides education to the healthcare professional about medication safety and establishes the intravenous medication guidelines.

}, keywords = {Inpatient, Intervention, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nesreen Alshabaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {118, title = {National Medication Errors Reporting System at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {4-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the medications errors as part of the pharmaceutical care plan at the Ministry of Health of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of medications error documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020 used in the study. The analysis used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The medications error documentation system founded with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Medications errors documentation system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The medications error documentation system is regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} }