@article {241, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {34-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the medication error in prescribing antibiotics in primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of antibiotics prescribing errors of randomly selected twenty-five primary health care centers in Riyadh city. One month{\textquoteright}s prescription had been reviewed. The expert pharmacist revised the prescription and documented the errors. The medication error form of MOH had been used to document the errors. Results: During the study period, 18,031 prescriptions were recorded in all the included study settings. Of the total prescriptions, 3,879 (21.51\%) contained antibiotics and were included in the current study. Of the total prescriptions, 1388 (35.78\%) prescriptions detected medication errors were analyzed in the current study. The most errors detected in the prescription were height not written 1388 (100\%), followed by diagnosis not found 535 (38.54\%), and body weight not written 492 (35.45\%). The antibiotics errors occurred with pediatrics and adolescents \< or = 20 years 673 (50.08\%) and adults \> 20 years with 671(49.92\%) with statically significant differences between all medication error types within pediatrics and adults (p=0.000). The errors identified mainly were related to inappropriate drug selection that occurred in 748 (53.9\%) of the prescriptions, followed by low therapeutic dose 277 (20.0\%) and dose frequency 175 (12.6\%), with statistically significant differences between all types (p=0.000). The most Medications with errors were Amoxicillin 576 (41.5\%), Amoxicillin/clavulanate 277 (28.1\%), Fucidic Acid 123 (8.9\%), and Azithromycin 116 (8.4\%). Conclusion: One-third of primary healthcare centers prescriptions contained antibiotics and had at least one error. The most errors related to demographic information and most prescribed antibiotics at primary healthcare centers. Targeting electronic prescribing systems and implementing stewardship antimicrobial programs at primary healthcare centers are highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Medication error, Prescribing, Primary health care center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.6}, author = {Zainab Ibrahim Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Nawaf Marzog Alotibi and Faisal Mushabab Alqhtani and Ibtisam Nasser Altamimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {209, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern at Primary Health Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to identify antibiotic prescribing patterns in Riyadh{\textquoteright}s Primary health care centers (PHCs). Methods: The study was a one-month cross-sectional medication prescription survey conducted at 25 PHCs in Riyadh. Results: A total of 18031 prescriptions were recorded in all 25 PHCs during the study period. Antibiotics were present in 3,879 (21.51\%) of all prescriptions. The percentage of antibiotics prescribed varied from one primary care center to another; the highest documented percentage was 38.01 \%. In comparison, the lowest proportion was discovered to be 10.56\% of total antibiotics prescribed, with 3,131 (80.67 \%) being bactericidal and 748 (19.3 \%) being bacteriostatic. Capsules were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic dosage form 1,240 (32\%), Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed 1628 (42\%), followed by a combination of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 797 (20.5\%). Of the total prescriptions, 2931 (75.6\%) were written with generic names, while 948 (24.4\%) were written with brand (trade) names. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic with a generic name (52.7\%), while Amoxicillin/Clavulanate was the most usually prescribed antibiotic with the brand name {\textquotedblleft}Augmentin{\textquotedblright} (69.4\%). The frequency of antibiotics prescribed to patients who did not have a documented indication for Amoxicillin was 270. (6.9\%). Conclusion: Antibiotics were prescribed in one-third of PHC prescriptions. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and training for healthcare professionals are needed at PHCs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Pattern, Prescribing, Primary Health Centers, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.17}, author = {Zainab Albahooth and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain} } @article {166, title = {Pharmacist Privilege in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacist Prescribing and Therapeutic Interchange}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objectives: To survey the pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of pharmacists privilege in Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises 28 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the previous literature and from the standards and regulations described by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The domains were privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege, drug monitoring and healthcare education. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of various hospitals, deputy director, pharmacy quality management, clinical pharmacy coordinators, or any pharmacist assigned on behalf of hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy. The study discussed and analyzed pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The pharmacist privilege of prescribing was available only at 12 (32.14\%) hospitals. over-the-counter (OTC) medications (19 (90.48\%)) and vitamins (14 (66.67\%)) were most of the medications with pharmacist privilege of prescribing followed by minerals (11 (52.38\%)) and electrolytes (10 (47.62\%)), whereas NSAIDs (23 (63.89\%)), Vitamins (19 (52.78\%)), electrolytes (17 (47.22\%)) and antihistamine (15 (41.67\%)) were through therapeutic interchange program. Most of the pharmacists prescribing medication was through ambulatory care clinic (19 (52.78\%)) and when prescription was cosigned by the physician (19 (52.78\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s computerized physician order entry (CPOE) was 3.17 (63.46\%), whereas the average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s CPOE alerting system was 2.97 (59.46\%). Conclusion: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pharmacist privilege in prescribing medications is very low. Most of the medications prescribed by the pharmacist were OTC drugs. Thepharmacist privilege in the Computerized Physician Order Entry is not adequate. We highly recommend the implementation of a comprehensive pharmacist privilege system and regulations ed in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Interchange, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Privilege, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.9}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {153, title = {Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Prescribing Total Parenteral Nutrition at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S35-S39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S35}, abstract = {

Objectives: In 2013, The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care started the National Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Program in Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist can provide neonates{\textquoteright} TPN services. In this study, we aimed to estimate the economic outcomes and cost avoidance in relation to pharmacist prescribing TPN. Methods: A total of 20 hospitals provide TPN services for neonates, pediatrics and adult patients. Cost avoidance stimulation in relation to the pharmacist prescribing and running neonates, pediatrics TPN services and replacement physician of a pharmacist as prescriber with adults TPN services. All costs were calculated by using US dollar currency. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted for a list of discount prices and variety of wage cost with 10{\textendash}20\%. Results: The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist by providing TPN services for 20 hospitals for all types of patients was (1,569,865.40 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (1,412,878.86-1,255,892.32 USD). Of those, the total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for neonates was (562,027.40 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (505,824.66- 449,621.92 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for adults was (523,337.00 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (471,003.30- 418,669.60 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for pediatrics was (484,501.00 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (436,050.90- 387,600.80 USD). Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing TPN prevents high economic burden on the healthcare system at Ministry of Health. Expanding the role of a pharmacist in the nutrition support services with an emphasis on prescribing TPN services is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost avoidance, Economic, Ministry of Health, Outcomes, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.35}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Faiz A. Bahadig} }