@article {238, title = {Accounting Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Accounting pharmacy practice is an old concept in pharmaceutical care. It has been updated by the Strategic Plan and is aligned with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to explain accounting services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The new project derived from national and international accounting organization standards and regulations. It was developed based on global business models, pharmacy project guidelines, and new project operating agency guidelines. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A clear vision, mission, and financial goals are established in pharmacy operations. This service has many benefits, including cost control, business planning, and improved patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis looks at the transition to a production project through the final stages of the project. Conclusion: Accounting in pharmacy operations is a new initiative that should be part of the pharmacy strategic plan under Saudi Vision 2030. Accounting in pharmacy operations requires a clear vision and policy and a long-term partnership with the accounting organization. In addition, accounting in pharmacy operations plays a crucial role in developing an appropriate pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal cost control, and practical accounting management.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {235, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare pharmacy staff knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics at primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to fifty-six pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) from randomly selected twentyfive primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included demographic information and 14 closed-ended questions about the rational usage of antibiotics. Results: All the fiftysix pharmacy staff responded to the survey with a response rate of 100\%. The responders consisted of having a Diploma in pharmacy (28 (50\%)), a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s in pharmacy (27 (48.2\%)), and one (1.8\%) postgraduated pharmacist. Most pharmacy technicians were female, 18 (32.1\%) vs. 10 (17.9\%) male, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.131), while the pharmacists were female 22 (39.3\%) vs. male 5 (8.9\%) with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.001). There is insufficient knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacy technicians and pharmacists respondents. All pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in the study knew that antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial infections. However, many pharmacy technician and pharmacist participants did not know that antibiotics are ineffective for viral and fungal infections (25\% and 14.3\% for pharmacy technicians, respectively) vs. (16.1, and 17.9\% for pharmacists, respectively). There was no difference in the mean knowledge of antibiotic prescription among respondents, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Furthermore, the respondents had no statistically different knowledge regarding age, gender, and working experience (p\>0.05). However, the age factor might play a significant role in antibiotics knowledge for pharmacy technicians only. Conclusion: The primary health care centers Pharmacy staff (pharmacy technicians and pharmacists){\textquoteright} knowledge of antibiotics rational usages was insufficient. Targeting training and educating about antibiotics generally emphasize antimicrobial resistance risks are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.1}, author = {Zainab Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Tarfah Sultan Binjerais and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {244, title = {Financial Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {54-58}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {54}, abstract = {

Objectives: Financial pharmacy operations are integral in pharmacy management. It is necessary for strategic planning and aligns with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to illustrate financial services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Local and international accounting and finance organizations are driving this new project. It has been developed based on global business models, guidelines for pharmacy projects, and new guidelines for project operators. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A pharmacy operation has a clear vision, mission, and financial goals. This service has many benefits, including increased profitability, effective financial management, and better patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis considers the transition to a production project up to the project{\textquoteright}s final phase. Conclusion: Pharmacy Operations Finance is a new initiative that should be part of the Saudi Vision 2030 Pharmacy Strategic Plan. Pharmacy finance requires a clear vision, guidelines, and longterm partnerships with financial institutions. In addition, financial aspects in pharmacy operations are critical to developing a proper pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal profitability, and effective financial management

}, keywords = {Financial g, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {249, title = {Virtual Clinical Pharmacy Services: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Virtual clinical pharmacy services were created to align with Saudi Vision 2030. This topic aims to declare the Virtual clinical pharmacy services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international virtual pharmaceutical care services. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative, consisting of several stages, from the initial until planning phases, execution, monitoring, and control stages. Results: Virtual clinical pharmacy services include electronic mediation history review, mediation reconciliation, medication safety, therapeutic guidelines implementation, pharmacist intervention, patient counseling, research and development. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: Virtual clinical pharmacy services are a new initiative fit with Saudi Vision 2030. Virtual clinical pharmacy services education requires a clear vision, policy and procedures, and long-term patient satisfaction with services. Virtual clinical pharmacy services may be essential in developing an appropriate clinical pharmacy career plan focusing on virtual patient care to achieve targeted drug therapy management, prevent drug-related mortality and morbidity, and avoid burden costs on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Clinic, Clinical, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Virtual}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi}, editor = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi} } @article {217, title = {Cost Analysis of Combined Emergency and Outpatient Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {19-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to declare the cost of combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional questionnairebased study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, overhead cost for the place, and the equipment used for pharmaceutical services in the combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy, the cost of purchased materials and supplies, and non-salary cost. All costs used US dollar currency. The data were collected through the SurveyMonkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was nine directors of pharmacy. For more than six years, most pharmacy directors had experience in an emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administration. A total of 100{\textendash}199 occupational beds were present (33.33\%), followed by \<50 beds (22.22\%) and 400{\textendash}499 beds (22.22\%). The total daily cost of combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services was (2336.01) USD, whereas the daily cost of OPD pharmacy was (1424.97) USD. Therefore, the daily cost of emergency pharmacy services was (911.04) USD. The majority of the daily cost for combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services came from personal cost of (1526.68) USD (65.35\%) and overhead cost of (695.39) USD (29.77\%). The cost of preparation and dispensing at OPD pharmacy was (13.32) USD, which is the average cost per medication dispensed from OPD pharmacy. In comparison, the preparation and dispensing cost at the emergency pharmacy was 5.2 USD, the average cost per medication. Conclusion: This study explored the cost analysis of combined OPD and emergency pharmacy services. Therefore, we highly recommend reducing the daily cost of pharmacy services needed to implement new ambulatory care and emergency activities or Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Combined, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabi, Outpatient, Pharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.3}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Asma Saqer Alamri and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {216, title = {Cost Analysis of Individual Outpatient and Emergency Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of Individual outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis crosssectional and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey questionnaire with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected the demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contained questions for measuring the personal cost, including the salary cost of a head of ambulatory care or outpatient pharmacist, a clinical pharmacist working at ambulatory care, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and secretary and porter per hour. The cost was calculated for the preparation time of each medication. The total costs of the place{\textquoteright}s overhead cost and cost of equipment used for the outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Furthermore, the purchased materials and supplies and the non-salary cost were calculated. All costs were used in the US dollar currency. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was six directors of pharmacy. Five were responsible for outpatient pharmacy services, and one was responsible for emergency pharmacy. The majority of the outpatient and emergency pharmacy directors had work experience as pharmacy administrators for more than four years. The total cost of outpatient pharmacy services was 1581.95 USD, whereas the cost of emergency pharmacy services was 729.86 USD. The majority of the cost came from personnel cost from the outpatient pharmacy (1288.15 USD, 81.43\%) followed by emergency pharmacy (465.28 USD, 63.75\%) and material and supply cost (205 USD, 13.01\%) at the outpatient pharmacy and emergency pharmacy services (228.89 USD, 31.36\%). Conclusion: This study conducted the cost analysis of separate outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Standardized pharmacy administrative and clinical activities are required, and we recommend more additional studies with a large sample size in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Outpatient, Pharmacy, Separate}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {218, title = {Cost Analysis of Separate Location of Emergency and Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of separated locations of emergency and outpatient pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive, crosssectional, and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic languages. The first part collected demographic information of the respondents based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, the salary of outpatient supervisor, the clinical pharmacist working at outpatient, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, secretary and Porter per hour, in addition to the cost calculation preparation time of each medication, the total prices of the overhead cost for the place, and cost of all equipment used for the emergency services. Furthermore, the cost of purchased materials and supplies plus non-salary cost. Face and content validation had been done through an expert reviewer. In addition, a pilot study was conducted by sending the questionnaire to some hospitals to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the absence of incomprehensible or misleading questions. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was 14 directors of pharmacy. Most pharmacy directors experienced emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administrators six years and above. OPD pharmacy services{\textquoteright} total cost was (3509.64 USD) while the emergence pharmacy services were (1068.02 USD). The majority of the cost came from personal cost from OPD pharmacy 2542.63 USD (72.45\%) vs. emergency pharmacy 826.4 USD (77.36\%), and overhead cost 656.01 USD (18.69\%) at OPD pharmacy while 144.93 USD (13.57\%\%) emergency pharmacy. Conclusion: The cost analysis of nonintegrated outpatient pharmacies and emergency services was high. Therefore, we highly recommend implementing new clinical pharmacy activities or switching to the Saudi managed care pharmacy model in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pharmacy, Separated}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.5}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {230, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {113-122}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Objectives: Researching the perceptions of standardized licensure examinations in the pharmaceutical sector is vital to measure key pharmacy competence and skills assessment of entry-level pharmacists. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to explore the perceptions of the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in improving pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by focusing on the experiences and attitudes pharmacy workers had regarding SPLE pharmacy standards and factors associated with passing the exam. Results: The data for this study was collected through a survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. The study found low scores (M=2.77, p=.001) in the perceptions of SPLE in assessing entry-level pharmacists-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge that increase graduates{\textquoteright} readiness for pharmacy practice. Location, gender, marital status, age, experience years, income, GPA results, and the number of SPLE admissions affected SPLE perception and passing rates. Conclusion: The pharmacist believed that the current Saudi Pharmacy Licensure Examination (SPLE) is required. However, the recent licensure examination does not adequately measure the general pharmacy practice competencies and skills relevant to entry-level pharmacist practice. Furthermore, it was not adequately prepared for clinical pharmacy practice competencies or internal pharmacy board exams. Therefore, it is necessitating targeted keep to dates changes of pharmacy practice in its format to introduce competency standards that measure entry-level skills efficiency continuously.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Fatma Faiz Alasmari and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {221, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Basic Hygiene for Pharmacy Staff}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {46-56}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims at declaring the Hand Hygiene (HH) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy and procedures as a new initiative for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for the pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific topics related to infection control in pharmacy practice. The search period was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms searched were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines. terms Policies and procedures for the last 10 years across all hospitals or community pharmacy services were included in the search terms. The research team of the pharmacy infection control consist of various expert members including clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists, and infection control specialists. One member drafted the policy. Some member reviewed the draft policy and corrected it. The other member, who is an infection control specialist, revised last draft. The topic emphasizes on the adoption and practices of the policies and procedures on hand hygiene (HH) and personal protective equipment (PPE) for the pharmacy infection prevention and control. Results: The hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy of pharmacy infection prevention control consist of various items, including steps of hand hygiene and proper donning and doffing sequences of the PPE during pharmacy performances. Conclusion: The policies and procedures related to hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are the foundations of pharmacy infection control and control. Implementation and practices of HH and PPE aims at the prevention and control Healthcare wirh ephazaized on pharmacy staff related Infections, which in lieu, improve patient safety Therefore, hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy is recommended for all pharmacy settings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hand hygiene, Infection control, Personal protective equipment, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Fahad Khurshid} } @article {229, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the Education and Training policy of pharmacy infection control as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. The literature search was done using databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was in English and included narrative review, meta-analysis, systemic review, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and others reviewed and corrected them. The additional author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes the Pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training. Results: The Pharmacy Infection control Education and Training policy consisted of various items, including program objectives, admission requirements, teaching and education methodology, and Pharmacy infection control Education and Training steps in pharmacy practice. The education and training contained five models. Namely hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, environment and workplace, employment immunization and occupational safety, pharmacy wastage and spill cleaning, pharmacoepidemiology with a pharmacy infection control surveillance, and pharmacy infection control quality management. Each model described Module description, Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency items. Conclusion: The pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training is a new initiative for pharmacy career professionals. The Pharmacy infection control Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to improve infection control skills and encourage pharmacists{\textquoteright} compliance with infection control regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, education and training in pharmacy infection control policy are necessary for the pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Bader Abdullah Alqannass and Eman Elsayed Younis and Rehab Ahmed Al Noaimi and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {227, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Wastages and Spill Cleaning}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to illustrate pharmacy infection control wastages and spill cleaning policy as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This narrative review of pharmacy infection control emphasizes wastages and spill cleaning. A literature search was done using various databases containing PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. About specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was English, including narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. The first author drafted the policy guidelines, and the second author reviewed and corrected them. The third author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes policy and procedures related to wastage and spill cleaning for pharmacy infection control. Results: The wastages and spill cleaning policy of pharmacy infection control consisted of various items, including the types of pharmacy wastages (biohazard wastages, non-biohazard wastages, sharp material), steps in the management of pharmacy wastages, spill kit contents, and cleaning of spill material. Conclusion: The policy and procedures of wastages and spill cleaning are new initiative procedures aimed at pharmacy infection control. In pharmacy settings, it is part of the biohazard and safety foundation. As such, waste management and spill clean-up policies are critical in pharmaceutical care services to improve safe disposal.

}, keywords = {Infection control, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, spill cleaning, Wastages}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif Sharaf and Eman Mohamed Hasan Alaali and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {228, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Worker{\textquoteright}s Competency}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to declare the competency of the Infection control policy in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search period was from the 1960s until October 2021. The terms were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the National and international guidelines of general research in hospital and pharmacy practice guide the current review. The committee of pharmacy infection control formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and the other member reviewed and corrected them. The third revision was by the infection control specialist. The study emphasizes the competency of Pharmacy infection control policies and procedures. Results: The Pharmacy infection control policy covered a variety of topics. It has included steps toward competency in pharmacy practice. Five models were included in the competency of pharmacy infection control policy. For example, patient care, infection control abilities, communication, professionalism, and ongoing professional development are required. In addition, each model included information about education and training, assessment types, and scores on competency assessments. The infection control competency test is administered to pharmacy staff annually. Conclusion: Pharmacy infection control policy competency is a new initiative and an integral part of pharmacy practice. The infection control policy competency requires pharmacists to continuously improve their skills in infection control practice and prevent pharmacy product-related infection in various settings within public and private healthcare institutions. As a result, the pharmacy infection control competencies policy is highly recommended for pharmaceutical care services worldwide.

}, keywords = {Competency, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany, and Musleh Samil Reshidi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {232, title = {Preparations for Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {129-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: The preparation tools and resources used for licensure examinations in the pharmacy practice are crucial to entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s skills for licensures exam. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at demonstrating the preparation methodology for passing the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on the preparation tools, resources, and barriers of pharmacy workers. Methods: The data for this study was collected through a self-electronic survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. Results: The study found medium scores (M=3.31, p=.000) in the preparation tools to SPLE with highly used Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in pharmacy practice and review of healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} law. In contrast, Non-pharmacy board license exams stimulating undergraduate examinations, Anxiety about the test, and Lack of preparation were the most significant barriers preventing the entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s licensure examinations. In addition, gender and material status affected SPLE preparation tools, resources, and obstacles to perceptions. Conclusion: The analysis concluded that the current licensure examination (SPLE) preparation tool was self-preparations and used resources. There are no standardized entry-level licensure examination tools or resources, necessitating targeted changes in undergraduate schools to introduce preparation tools that measure entry-level pass Pharmacist Licensure Exam very efficiently.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman~ Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {199, title = {Charity Pharmaceutical Care Services: a New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {61-65}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: To affirm the Charity pharmaceutical care services as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Charity heath care services societies and regulations. The projects expressed from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and entails of several parts, including the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Charity pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had numerous benefits, counting clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project is guaranteed by the risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. Finally, the transition to operation project through closing project stage is discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The Charity pharmaceutical care services are a new initiative part of the charity medical and healthcare services. The Charity pharmaceutical care services were part of pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030, meet the demand of healthcare services, and diminish the economic burden on the healthcare system; it is highly proposed to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Charity, Initiative, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {184, title = {Infection Control Pharmacist: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {40-43}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the Infection control pharmacist as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national and international Infection control regulations and guidelines. The projects are formulated from the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines and professional project management elements. The initial project followed the project management professionals, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The vision, mission and goals of the Infection control pharmacist are explored. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical, on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuous of the project revised by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Infection control pharmacist is a new initiative and part of the clinical pharmacy specialties and pharmacy infection control services. The Infection control pharmacist meet the demand of pharmacy infection control, prevent infection control related problems and contribute during epidemic or pandemic and medical disaster; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Infection control, Initiative, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Mohammed Alyousef} } @article {185, title = {Outsourcing of Pharmaceutical Care Services: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {01-04}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new initiative project driven by the international outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, pharmaceutical project guidelines, and professional project management of a new project. The project management professionals have written this initiative project. It consists of the following parts: The initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and finally, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: We explored the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economic outcomes on patients. The risk management model was explored, which assured the continuity of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the project{\textquoteright}s services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage has also been explored in this study. Conclusion: The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative project and part of the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030 programs. The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services meets the pharmacy workforce{\textquoteright}s demand, completes the requirement of some pharmacy services, and improves clinical pharmacy sections without additional cost. We highly recommend it to be implemented in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Outsourcing, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {171, title = {National Pharmacy Research and Development (R and D) Program: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {76-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the national pharmacy research and development program as new initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of pharmacy research and development. The projects drove the international research and development guidelines, and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project and the global business model. The initial project is written through project management professionals and included several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy research and development services that defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy research and development program is a new initiative project in clinical pharmacy and pharmacy administration tools. The new project is useful to measure the clinical and economic of pharmacy practice and forecasting of new pharmacy programs, and it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Development, Initiatives, National, Pharmacy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {174, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Workload Documentation}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey and the International Standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on workload analysis and documentation. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 31 hospitals and the total number of the patients who were followed up through clinical pharmacy services was 27.88 daily, 836.29 monthly, with 10.82 patients daily per hospital. The total number of prescriptions reviewed by the clinical pharmacist was 184.86 daily, 1294.05 monthly, with (68.77) patients daily per each hospital. Most of the documented clinical pharmacy services existed for medication errors (80.65\%), adverse drug reactions (77.42\%) and drug quality reporting (70.97\%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical pharmacy services existed for drug information inquiries (61.29\%), medication errors (58.06\%) and adverse drug reactions (58.06\%). Most of the monthly workload analysis of clinical activities existed for the number of prescriptions (80.65\%), number of medication errors (70.97\%) and for adverse drug reactions (67.74\%). Conclusion: The documentation of workload of clinical pharmacy services is inadequate especially with respect to the clinical outcome and cost avoidance impact. Most of the clinical pharmacy activities were ordinary performances provided to few numbrer of patients. Improve the documentation of workload activities is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Documentation, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {175, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {91-95}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017- 2018 with emphasis on the education and training available to the pharmacy staff. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey on clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises of 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains are derived from the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation and from the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on education and training. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire distributed to 31 hospitals. The most qualified educational course available for the clinical pharmacy staff was on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (74.19\%) and on advance cardiac life support (ACLS) (36.67\%) and the least available educational course was advance trauma life support (ATLS) (10.71\%). Almost all educational courses were provided to the general clinical pharmacist (89) and clinical pharmacist supervisor (22). The majority of the educational courses provided to the healthcare professionals was on short educational course of 1{\textendash}5 days (85 (47.22\%)) followed by basic medication safety (60 (45.45\%)) and clinical pharmacy orientation 50 (41.67\%), whereas clinical pharmacists provided educational and training courses to healthcare providers mainly for general nurses (108) followed by resident physicians (66) and specialist physicians (53) periodically. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy staff missed some primary educational and training courses. Less than half of the hospitals provided educational courses to healthcare care professionals. We highly recommend bilingual educational and training facilities for clinical pharmacy staff and healthcare professionals in the KSA.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Education, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {157, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018 with an emphasis on the administration and management of pharmacy practice. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains were derived from the standards and guidelines provided by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS), the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. The average score of the elements related to the clinical pharmacy administration was 3.32 (66.31\%). Most of the elements responded were policies and procedures of pharmacist privilege (4.00 (80.00\%)) followed by the mission of clinical pharmacy (3.87 (77.40\%)) and vision of clinical pharmacy administration (3.71 (74.20\%)). Most of the clinical pharmacy services provided for adult, pediatric, neonate and geriatric patients was for critical care, medical services and for emergency. Most of the hospitals had no satellite services assistant the clinical pharmacy services (22 (70.97\%)). The majority of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacy services improve the safety and effectiveness of patient care (27 (93.10\%)), decreases morbidity and mortality rate (23 (79.31\%)) and increases the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role toward patient care (20 (68.97\%)). Conclusion: The elements of clinical pharmacy administration were not adequate in the KSA. Most of the hospital services received the clinical pharmacy services not exceeding 50\%. Despite the fact that the pharmacy administration has a good record of clinical pharmacy services, there are not enough resources to provide over 24-hr service. Revision of clinical pharmacy services is highly necessary in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Clinical, Management, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {165, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Performances and Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia from 2017- 2018 with an emphasis on performances and activities. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The questions were derived from the standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standards of the Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were as follows: clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at various hospitals in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with regard to performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. Majority of the specifications of clinical pharmacy services provided were for concurrent and routine monitoring of drug therapy of the patients (17 (54.84\%)) and written medication history (16 (51.61\%)). Majority of the clinical services recorded was for answering drug information inquiries (74.19\%), error and adverse drug event reporting (70.97\%) and medication administration (70.97\%). Most of the pharmacy units had clinical pharmacy services for control and narcotics system (4.13 (82.60\%)), unit dose system (4.07 (81.40\%)) and adults emergency medication (3.45 (69\%)). Most of the hospital programs had clinical services existed for stewardship antimicrobial (64.52\%), medication safety (61.29\%) and medication reconciliation/history-taking (54.84\%). Most of the methods of clinical pharmacist prescribing privileges in relevant hospital programs was prescribing under physician supervision (66), followed by independent prescribing (49) and refill prescribing (20). Conclusion: The performances of clinical pharmacy services monitoring of drug therapy only; that is including medication misadventures monitoring and prevention through antibiotics, medication safetyrelated services. The clinical pharmacist had inadequate prescribing privilege under physician supervision. Targeting of upgrading the clinical pharmacy performances and privilege is higher recommended with New Saudi vision 2030 to improve patient clinical outcome and avoid any economic burden of the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Clinical, Performances, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {160, title = {Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administrated survey on documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with 18 questions. The second part included policy and procedure, type of data through pharmacist intervention, reporting workload of pharmacist intervention documentation. All types of pharmacist professionals were included in this survey. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through the social media (WhatsApp) and other social media to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the survey. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non- Saudi professionals. The majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained Bachelor of Pharmacy (40 (31.25\%)) and Doctor of Pharmacy degree (33 (25.78\%)) and the majority of the pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) were not accredited by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. The average score of the administration element of pharmacist intervention documentation was 3.68 (73.66\%). Policies and procedures of pharmacist intervention documentation obtained the highest score (4.13 (82.6\%)) followed by the quality management (3.78 (75.60\%)) and education with training (3.76 (75.20\%)). Adverse drug reactions (92.86\%) and medication errors (91.19\%) were most of the recorded type of documentation and poisoning information inquiries (65.62\%) and medication reconciliation (80.31\%) were the least type of documentation, with an average 54.66\% documented electronically. Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention documentation was found to be acceptable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The half of pharmacist intervention documentations was an electronic only. In the future, we recommend to improve the system and correct barriers related issues. This will enhance the process of documentation and explore the impact and role of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {176, title = {Reliability and Validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {96-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the research team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The Internal consistency, reliability through inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, Split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males [108 (61.77\%)] and females [101 (48.33\%)]. The three tests had been done with reliability of 31 questions. The completed responders (185) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.236 {\textpm} 0.326 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.980, 0.980 and 0.990, respectively with CI 95\% (0.975-0.983) and inter-item coloration was 0.607, while the item-total coloration \>0.53 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.966 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.57, the related components were four of all 31 questions in four components as suggested. They were not confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot and pathway analysis and fit not with the original survey changed to 3 factor loading. The confirmatory factor index was (0.761), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was (0.737), Goodness of fit index (GFI) was (0.844) and expected cross validation index (ECVI) (9.029). The collinearity of 23 questions was autocorrelation (2.609e -5) with not statistically significant (p=0.951). The majority of 23 question had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 11 questions had condition index more than 30. All of the 23 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except four questions and had tolerance more than 0.1 except four questions. Conclusion: The reliability and validity related to the corrected survey of biostatistics analysts used in pharmaceutical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacy practice was properly used in further future research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Biostatical Analysis, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ismail Hassan Amer Abu Rayah} } @article {161, title = {Reliability and Validity of EBM Resources of Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of EBM Resources Knowledge used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 16 questions. The completed number of responders (200) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.967, 0.966 and 0.976, respectively, inter-item coloration was 0.719, the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.941 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.58, the related components were one of the rotated component matrix \>0.59 of all 16 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.862, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.841, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.906 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 3.270. The collinearity of 16 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.066 with not statically significant (p=0.317). The majority of 16 questions had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 3 questions only had condition index more than 30. All of the 16 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The pharmacist survey knowledge of evidence-based medicine resources for pharmacy practice and distributed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had high reliability and validity scale level. The pharmacy researcher can utilized surveys with an adequate number of sample sizes with further research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {EBM, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud} } @article {169, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Knowledge Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {66-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of pharmacy research knowledge survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature and national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 21 questions. The completed number of responders (188) (mean{\textpm}SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.983, 0.983 and 0.988, respectively with CI 95\% (0.979-0.986) and the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.98. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was (0.966) and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.583, the related components were one with the rotated component matrix \>0.763 of all 21 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.878, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.865, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.862 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 5.101. The collinearity of 21 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.010 with not statically significant (p=0.816). The majority of 21 question had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 12 questions only had condition index more than 30. All 16 of the questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the pharmacy research knowledge survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The researcher can use it in the future with the same goal and acceptable sample size.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {162, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Proposal Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore reliability and validity of pharmacy research proposal survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity consisted of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done of reliability of 17 questions of responders (204). The tests mean{\textpm}SD was 3.788 {\textpm} 0.163, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.975, 0.975 and 0.987, respectively and inter-item coloration was 0.705. The item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.954 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.7, the related components were two with the rotated component matrix \>0.7 of all 17 questions in components 1 and 2 as suggested. They were confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.871, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.853, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.912, Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 4.299. The collinearity of 17 questions was auto-correlation was 0.058 with not statically significant (p=0.403). The majority of 17 questions had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 7 questions only had condition index less than 30. Most of questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except 4 questions, while only 4 questions had tolerance less than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of a survey about knowledge of pharmacy proposals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacist in pharmacy research practice can utilize the survey in the future.

}, keywords = {Pharmacy, Proposal, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {172, title = {Reliability for Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability for pharmacy projects and research used in the pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project reliability for pharmacy projects and research programs. The projects drove international reliability guidelines and the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial plan is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review-the continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services is a new initiative project in pharmacy practice. There various tools of authenticity can be started implemented during pharmacy data collection; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {164, title = {The Validity of the Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {41-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the validity tools used in the pharmacy practice project or research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of the validity of pharmacy projects and research. The projects drove the international validity guidelines, the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The validity of the pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The validity of pharmacy projects and research is a new initiative project in pharmacy quality management and pharmacy research tools. Various methods of validation procedure services can be underway in the pharmacy practice to validate the appropriate and collection of the pharmacy data and it is highly suggested in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan} } @article {138, title = {Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {113-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job.

}, keywords = {Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi} } @article {140, title = {Communication and Relationships Factors of Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {124-129}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes the overall job satisfaction of pharmacists working in Saudi Arabia by exploring their communication and relationship with supervisors and patients. The aim of this study to declare the communications and relationship factors of Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-months cross section survey of communication and relationship factors on Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of forty-three questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, the customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. Results: The total responders were two hundred and forty-two. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age (20-39). The average satisfaction score of pharmacy supervisors{\textquoteright} factors was (3.0), pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers{\textquoteright} factors was (3.34) while the customer interaction was (2.81) and the pharmacist relationship with coworkers was (3.67). Most of the pharmacist found the challenges at their job were (77.6\%). Some responders wished to change their pharmacy career (43.75\%) while (61.66\%) liked to stay in the pharmacy field. The overall job satisfaction scores were (3.61). Conclusion: Most of the pharmacists not satisfied with their job because of the supervisor relationship and non-existent patient education services. The pharmacy supervisors of hospital pharmacies demanded management tools and communication skills with their colleagues. In addition, patient counselling program should be implemented at healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Career, Communication, Factors, Pharmacy, Relationships, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Saima Qaism and Khurram Shahzad and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {132, title = {Factors (gender, age, social status, and income) affecting the satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {88-92}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore if the factors (gender, age, social status and income) affect the job satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross sectional survey regarding the impact of stress factors on job satisfaction of a pharmacist in Saudi Arabia. The survey questionnaire consisted of 35 questions divided into two parts: first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on various sections. Section one collected information about stress factors in pharmacy job. Section two collected information about service units of the pharmacy job. Section three collected information about communication and relationship factors of a pharmacy job. Factors affected the Pharmacy practice, stress-related job and communication and relationships sections of pharmacist job satisfactions including gender, age, social status, academic qualifications and income. The questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 242 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 214 (91.8\%) were Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) were non-Saudi professionals. Male responders were more than female responders (169 (70.7\%) and 70 (29.3\%), respectively). The majority of the responders (202 (84.2\%)) were in the age group of 20{\textendash}39 years. Females disagreed management policies more than that of males; males worked on many weekends and on holidays with significant differences when compared with females (p\<0.05). Responders in the age group of 30{\textendash}39 years strongly agreed to perform excessive work than those in the age group of 20{\textendash}29 years, which was found to be significant (p\<0.05). Both males and females wished to continue to work in the pharmacy field, which was not significantly different (p\>0.05). There is no significant difference between male and female with all level of salary and type work with payment or the salary resemble of other organizations (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Different factors were found to negatively and positively affect the job satisfaction of a pharmacist. Gender and age were found to affect job satisfaction significantly. These differences should be considered before interpreting the results of pharmacist job satisfaction. We recommend to improve the job satisfaction of pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig RPH and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi} } @article {144, title = {Factors of Pharmacy Practice on Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {145-150}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy practice factors on pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispersing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. Part three questions consisted of communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system about part one about pharmacy services units of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) were males and 13 (13.54\%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58\%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.14), clinical pharmacy technician activities was (3.16), pharmacy technician satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.76), pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The finding showed for factor there are no significant differences between male or female and social status married or single, experiences of current position and the most of salary income for all pharmacy services elements satisfaction (p\>0.5). Conclusion: The pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected negatively to the pharmacy technician job satisfaction. All pharmacy services satisfactions should be corrected to improve the pharmacy technician in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Pharmacy Technicians, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {136, title = {Stress Factors Impact on Pharmacist Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {102-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about stress related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors, overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed ended questions were used. Results: The total responders were 242. Of those 214 (91.8 \%) was Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) 55.8\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management policies factors was (3.53), personal pharmacy time was (3.14) and salary and benefits were (2.45) as explored in Table 4. The average score of pharmacy stress factors were (3.86) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61) as explored in Table 5. The most pharmacy motivation factors found were the financial reward and salary advancement was 201 (87.01\%), followed by the time needed for education and training was 144 (62.3\%) and flexibility in work scheduling was 136 (58.87\%) as explored in Table 6. Conclusion: The majority of pharmacists suffered from pharmacy salary and benefits and time demand for development and education. Those factors were essential of motivation factors related to the pharmacy job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Khurram Shahzad and Saima Qaism and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} }