@article {216, title = {Cost Analysis of Individual Outpatient and Emergency Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of Individual outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis crosssectional and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey questionnaire with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected the demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contained questions for measuring the personal cost, including the salary cost of a head of ambulatory care or outpatient pharmacist, a clinical pharmacist working at ambulatory care, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and secretary and porter per hour. The cost was calculated for the preparation time of each medication. The total costs of the place{\textquoteright}s overhead cost and cost of equipment used for the outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Furthermore, the purchased materials and supplies and the non-salary cost were calculated. All costs were used in the US dollar currency. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was six directors of pharmacy. Five were responsible for outpatient pharmacy services, and one was responsible for emergency pharmacy. The majority of the outpatient and emergency pharmacy directors had work experience as pharmacy administrators for more than four years. The total cost of outpatient pharmacy services was 1581.95 USD, whereas the cost of emergency pharmacy services was 729.86 USD. The majority of the cost came from personnel cost from the outpatient pharmacy (1288.15 USD, 81.43\%) followed by emergency pharmacy (465.28 USD, 63.75\%) and material and supply cost (205 USD, 13.01\%) at the outpatient pharmacy and emergency pharmacy services (228.89 USD, 31.36\%). Conclusion: This study conducted the cost analysis of separate outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Standardized pharmacy administrative and clinical activities are required, and we recommend more additional studies with a large sample size in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Outpatient, Pharmacy, Separate}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {218, title = {Cost Analysis of Separate Location of Emergency and Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of separated locations of emergency and outpatient pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive, crosssectional, and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic languages. The first part collected demographic information of the respondents based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, the salary of outpatient supervisor, the clinical pharmacist working at outpatient, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, secretary and Porter per hour, in addition to the cost calculation preparation time of each medication, the total prices of the overhead cost for the place, and cost of all equipment used for the emergency services. Furthermore, the cost of purchased materials and supplies plus non-salary cost. Face and content validation had been done through an expert reviewer. In addition, a pilot study was conducted by sending the questionnaire to some hospitals to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the absence of incomprehensible or misleading questions. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was 14 directors of pharmacy. Most pharmacy directors experienced emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administrators six years and above. OPD pharmacy services{\textquoteright} total cost was (3509.64 USD) while the emergence pharmacy services were (1068.02 USD). The majority of the cost came from personal cost from OPD pharmacy 2542.63 USD (72.45\%) vs. emergency pharmacy 826.4 USD (77.36\%), and overhead cost 656.01 USD (18.69\%) at OPD pharmacy while 144.93 USD (13.57\%\%) emergency pharmacy. Conclusion: The cost analysis of nonintegrated outpatient pharmacies and emergency services was high. Therefore, we highly recommend implementing new clinical pharmacy activities or switching to the Saudi managed care pharmacy model in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pharmacy, Separated}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.5}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} }